The ability of fish to feel pain has been a long-running debate in the scientific community. On one side, you have the ...

Our skeleton is kind of strange. Most of it forms from the same tissue that makes things like our muscle and connective tissue. The exception is a big chunk of our face, like the jaws and nasal ...

Papers presented at a meeting held at the University of Chicago, in April 1967, and sponsored by the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (contract F44620-67-C0083), the Comparative Physiology ...

The sympathetic nervous system was thought to have evolved with jawed vertebrates. But lampreys—jawless, parasitic fish that suck out the blood of their hosts—have a simple one, per recent research.

Neural crest cells are involved in the development of osteoderms (like those in crocodiles) and the plastrons of turtles, so it seems likely. Some sources say they're behind virtually all ...