The proton gradients that power respiration are as universal as the genetic code itself, giving an insight into the origin of life and the singular origin of complexity. Why do virtually all cells ...

Generally, E. coli pumps protons into extracellular space by the respiratory chain with consuming carbon atoms in the TCA cycle, produces ATP by ATP synthase using the generated proton gradient across ...

Mitochondrial respiratory complexes (Complexes I–V) and their assembly into respiratory supercomplexes (SCs) are fundamental to liver bioenergetics, redox homeostasis, and metabolic adaptability.

Protons, the positively charged particles that help build every atom in our bodies, are starting to look less like classical ...