Background The relationship of social determinants of health (SDOH), environmental exposures and medical history to lung function trajectories is underexplored. A better understanding of these ...

While boundaries are self-focused and enforced through personal action, rules are the opposite. Specifically, they are externally focused and enforced through pressure, persuasion, or punishment. This ...

AKI happens suddenly and can often be reversed, while CKD develops over time and usually can't be reversed. AKI is caused by sudden issues like dehydration or blockage, while CKD is caused by chronic ...

Serotonin and dopamine are two important neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) that affect mental health and influence gut health, immune function, and other body processes. Low levels of each ...

The FIND function allows you to find a text string within another. It returns the position at which a character or string begins within another text string. The output of the above function will be 5, ...

If you enjoyed this article, I’d like to ask for your support. Scientific American has served as an advocate for science and industry for 180 years, and right now may be the most critical moment in ...

Maxwell’s equations are fundamental tools for electric and magnetic fields, while Maxwell’s relations focus on thermodynamic quantities like temperature, pressure, volume, and entropy. For more on ...

The Galaxy S25 Edge and the S25+ are the two most evenly matched phones in Samsung's flagship lineup. We explain exactly what makes them different and help you decide whether the Edge is worth an ...